To help secure victory in WW II, America mobilized its scientific brainpower to provide advanced technology solutions to wartime defense problems. Laboratories such as APL and its peers were developed through partnerships between the Government and America's best R &D universities. Organized through Johns Hopkins University, the Applied Physics Laboratory was assigned the task of finding a more effective way for ships to defend themselves against enemy air attacks. From March 1942, to the war's end, APL designed, built, and tested a proximity fuze that significantly increased the effectiveness of anti-aircraft shells. The product of that intense 3 ½-year development effort was later judged to be one of the three most valuable technology developments of the war (along with the atomic bomb and radar).